日本食品輻射水平之法定要求

睇完條片驚驚

福島核災六年後
https://youtu.be/Tv6eTc00wkg

http://www.gcaa.org.tw/post.php?aid=33
//福島核災前，日本食品的輻射安全容許量在每公斤0.1貝克。核災後的一年，「不得已」採用核戰的「暫定」標準，食品的輻射安全容許量達每公斤5百貝克。國內外抗議下，日本政府今年4月才下修為每公斤1百貝克，但與更嚴格的標準相比，差距仍超過百倍。//

於是看了一大堆……綜合來說，應該最初係無明確輻射標準，只係是否有毒有害的籠統講法。
311地震後採臨時標準，其實有點矇混，但也是面對現實吧。
被人詬病之下， 2012年4月後採新標準，由500 bq/kg 降至 100 bq/kg.

1) 其實CODEX 定得好Q 鬆，本地自行立法

http://www.who.int/hac/crises/jpn/faqs/en/index7.html
//Are there rules for radioactivity in foods for international trade?

There are internationally agreed Codex Guideline Levels (GLs) for radionuclide levels in internationally traded food following a nuclear or radiological emergency. These GLs are published by the Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.

The GLs state that, “as far as generic radiological protection of food consumers is concerned, when radionuclide levels in food do not exceed the corresponding Guideline Level, the food should be considered as safe for human consumption. When the Guideline Levels are exceeded, national governments shall decide whether and under what circumstances the food should be distributed within their territory or jurisdiction. National governments may wish to adopt different values for internal use within their own territories, where the assumptions concerning food distribution that have been made to derive the Guideline Levels may not apply, e.g., in the case of widespread radioactive contamination. For foods that are consumed in small quantities, such as spices, that represent a small percentage of total diet and hence a small addition to the total dose, the Guideline Levels may be increased by a factor of 10”.

GLs for radionuclide levels can be found in the Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed – (CODEX STAN 193-1995)//

也可參看香港食物安全中心
http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_rafs/programme_rafs_fc_01_30_Q&A_2.html

2) http://www.activistpost.com/2016/09/radioactive-food-water-new-normal-japan.html
//According to this official data, small numbers of becquerels could be – probably are – routinely entering the general food supply, not to mention the issue of Tokyo’s persistently contaminated water supply which contains minute amounts of cesium.

Radiation is the new normal.

Although the majority of food is under 25 bq per kg of contamination, we don’t know the exact amount. If you multiply that small amount by the number of items consumed daily the danger to health grows exponentially over time.

It is good that Japan has strict standards on radioactive food products — the US allows 1,500 becquerels per kilogram versus Japan’s 100 — but the ubiquitous and long-term aspect of the problem is an ongoing concern.//

3) https://www.google.com.hk/amp/pansci.asia/archives/77819/amp

4) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_effects_from_the_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster
//New radioactivity limits for food in Japan

On 22 December 2011 the Japanese government announced new limits for radioactive cesium in food. The new norms would be enforced in April 2012.

food                                        new norm(bq/kg)    old limit
rice, meat, vegetables, fish         100                      500
milk, milk-powder, infant-food      50                      200
drinking water                                10                      200
//

5) http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/japan-new-permissible-levels-of-radioactivity-in-foods/
//There were no legally binding standards for acceptable levels of radioactivity in food in Japan when the Great East Japan Earthquake hit the country in March 2011. The Food Sanitation Law, however, had a provision that prohibits the sale, use, or supply of foods that are poisonous or harmful for human consumption. (Shokuhin eisei ho [Food Sanitation Law], Law No. 233 of 1947, as amended by Law No. 49 of 2009, art. 6, item 2.)

 Within a few days of the onset of the Fukushima nuclear power plant crisis, which was caused by the tsunami that followed the earthquake, government tests detected higher radiation levels in spinach and milk produced near the nuclear plant.

On March 17, 2011, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) issued a notice that specified provisional standard values of acceptable radiation levels in food, based on the Food Sanitation Law.
 (Press Release, Handling of Food Contaminated by Radioactivity, MHLW (Mar. 17, 2011); Handling of Food Contaminated by Radioactivity, Food Safety Department Notice No. 0317-3 of the (Mar. 17, 2011), MHLW.)

The MHLW also adopted the Indices Relating to Limits on Food and Drink Ingestion that were indicated included by the Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan (NSC) in its nuclear disaster guideline. (NSC, Genshiryoku shisetsu to no bosai taisaku ni tsuite [Regarding Disaster Preparedness of Nuclear Facilities] 23 (June 1980, as last amended Aug. 2010).)

Subsequently, the MHLW moved to establish new permissible radiation levels in various foods. Establishing these standards involves interacting with government councils and other agencies as well as ensuring conformity with various related regulations and is a time-consuming process.
 …On March 15, 2012, the MHLW amended the relevant ordinance and notifications on standards of milk and milk products and of food and food additives, and announced it would make the new standards effective on April 1, 2012, with some exceptions. (Food Safety Department, Notice No. 0315-1 [in Japanese] (Mar. 15, 2012).)

The new upper limits for radioactive cesium in foods are: 100 becquerels per kilogram of cesium for regular food items such as meat, vegetables, and fish; 50 becquerels for milk and infant food; and 10 becquerels for drinking water.//

6) http://apjjf.org/2012/10/12/Martin-J.-Frid/3722/article.html

// The government set a provisional regulation limit of 500 Bq/kg and mandated that food that had levels below the limits could be sold. While there was criticism that the limits were too high, that is, that they allowed too much contamination, the key was that they were provisional. New, much stricter limits of 100 Bq/kg were announced in December, and will be implemented from April 1, 2012//

大阪城三味彈奏

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B10RYKLXJiK3ZkdGTXQtTnJOZEE/view?usp=drivesdk

港日物價與薯片指數

在大阪待了幾天，感覺物價真的不貴。然而其一是外人在此消費，其二是日元貶值。

另類的角度是參考薪金和物價。

比如大阪商店街的零售業時薪為900円，而一包65g 的薯片約100円。薪薯比為9倍。

香港時薪很參差，百佳超市仍有$40，但大體$55是有代表性的。百佳一包55g 的薯片是賣$9、10元。俾到盡薪薯比得6倍。

如比較最低工資，香港為$34.5, 大阪為883円，香港就更為明顯生活逼人。

當然也有很多隱性成本，例如逼車返工，社會秩序，人身安全，教育，醫療，安老，但恐怕計入這些香港更為可悲。

日本留學：寫給留學生的「打工三部曲」
https://kknews.cc/education/gaaxme.html

兼職又漲薪水？厲害了我的日本留學！
https://kknews.cc/zh-hk/education/4gyjrx.html